Natural Molecules
MAGISNAT has developed the OMICS Machine model through the multiomic approach, offering a comprehensive understanding of how genes, metabolites, and proteins intertwine within major categories such as the immune system, oxidative stress, inflammation, longevity, deficiency states, increased demands, specific conditions, physical activity, brain health, and sleep. Our goal is to provide people with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions and optimize individual wellbeing.
The OMICS Machine model identifies how natural molecules can provide beneficial effects within the studied biochemical pathways by discovering how to rebalance homeostasis.
MOLECULAR PATHWAYS
Learn about the functions, pathways involved, OMICS biomarkers, natural sources, and more information about the natural molecules our Research & Development laboratory studies.
PLANT EXTRACTS
- Anthocyanins (Prickly Pear Extract)
- Beta-Sitosterol (Nettle Extract)
- Vitexin (Passionflower Extract)
- Hesperidin (Citrus Fruit Extract)
- Hydroxytyrosol (Olive Tree Extract)
- Oleuropein (Olive Tree Extract)
- Polydatin (Polygonum Cuspidatum Extract)
- Proanthocyanidins (Pine Bark Extract)
- Resveratrol (Polygonum Cuspidatum Extract)
- Silymarin (Milk Thistle Extract)
OTHER SUBSTANCES
Plant Extracts
Anthocyanins (Prickly Pear Extract)
- Function
- Involved Pathways
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5, GABPB1, NCOA2, NCOA1, FOXC2, EPAS1, RAVER1, MCM6, RFC4, TERT, PTBP2, VCAM1, TAS1R2, SCN9A, GRID1, GPRC5B, KCNJ11, FLG, ACTN3, MSTN
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Glutamine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Asparagine, Histidine, Leucine/Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine, Glucose
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Transferrin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Complement C3, Complement C4, Complement C5, Complement C1q, Complement C1r, Complement C1s, Complement C2, Complement C6, Complement C7, Complement C8, Complement C9, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Complement Factor B, Complement Factor D, Complement Factor H, Complement Factor I, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23), Albumin, ApoA, ApoB, Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
- Natural Sources
Prickly Pear, Blueberries, Pomegranate, Red Grapes, Cocoa, Nuts
Scientific Article
- Dhuli K, Bonetti G, Micheletti C, Macchia A, Iaconelli A, Aquilanti B, Matera G, Ceccarini MR, Beccari T, Bertelli M. Unraveling the Role of Prickly Pear Extract as a Potent Nutraceutical Agent Against Metabolic Syndromes. Clin Ter. 2023 Nov-Dec;174(Suppl 2(6)):159-168. doi: 10.7417/CT.2023.2483. PMID: 37994760.
- Wallace, Taylor C, and M Monica Giusti. “Anthocyanins.” Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) vol. 6,5 620-2. 15 Sep. 2015, doi:10.3945/an.115.009233.
Beta-Sitosterol (Nettle Extract)
- Function
Beta-sitosterol is a bioactive compound found in nettle extract, a plant known for its health-promoting properties. This phytosterol has been extensively studied for its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypocholesterolemic properties. Specifically, beta-sitosterol could help reduce cholesterol levels in the blood, thus improving cardiovascular health. Additionally, it has been suggested to play a role in supporting the immune system.
- Involved Pathways
Lipid Metabolism Pathway, Cell Function Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: FADS1, FTO, APOA2, APOA5, APOC3, LIPC, TFAP2B, PCSK9, LPL, UCP1, ELOVL2, CPT2, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, SRD5A3, ATXN1, FOXP1, NR3C2, RORA, SMAD6, PTPRD, ADIPOQ, INSR, PPARG, GRCh38.p14, GABPB1, NCOA2, NCOA1, FOXC2, EPAS1, RAVER1, MCM6, RFC4, TERT, PTBP2, VCAM1, TAS1R2, SCN9A, GRID1, GPRC5B, KCNJ11, FLG, ACTN3, MSTN, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), L-Carnitine Acetyl-L-carnitine, Propionyl-L-carnitine, Butyryl-L-carnitine, Isovaleryl-L-carnitine, Hexanoyl-L-carnitine, Octanoyl-L-carnitine, Decanoyl-L-carnitine, Dodecanoyl-L-carnitine, Palmitoyl-L-carnitine, Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Leucine/Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Glucose, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Albumin, ApoA, ApoB, Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Various oils such as Corn Oil, Wheat Germ Oil, Cottonseed Oil, Nuts (Pecans, Cashews), Avocado, Pumpkin Seeds, Sea Buckthorn
Scientific Article
- Abo-Zaid OA, Moawed FS, Ismail ES, Farrag MA. β-sitosterol attenuates high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis in rats by modulating lipid metabolism, inflammation, and ER stress pathway. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2023 May 12;24(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s40360-023-00671-0. PMID: 37173727; PMCID: PMC10182633.
- Khan Z, Nath N, Rauf A, Emran TB, Mitra S, Islam F, Chandran D, Barua J, Khandaker MU, Idris AM, Wilairatana P, Thiruvengadam M. Multifunctional roles and pharmacological potential of β-sitosterol: Emerging evidence toward clinical applications. Chem Biol Interact. 2022 Sep 25;365:110117. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110117. Epub 2022 Aug 19. PMID: 35995256.
Vitexin (Passionflower Extract)
- Function
- Involved Pathways
Immunity and Inflammation Pathway, Oxidative Stress Pathway, Cell Function Pathway
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5, GABPB1, NCOA2, NCOA1, FOXC2, EPAS1, RAVER1, MCM6, RFC4, TERT, PTBP2, VCAM1, TAS1R2, SCN9A, GRID1, GPRC5B, KCNJ11, FLG, ACTN3, MSTN
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Glutamine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Asparagine, Histidine, Leucine/Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine, Glucose
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Transferrin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Various berries such as Strawberries, Citrus Fruits, Passionflower
Hesperidin (Citrus Fruit Extract)
- Function
Hesperidin is a potent antioxidant that helps neutralize free radicals in our bodies. It has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, capable of reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting the activity of enzymes involved in the inflammatory response. It can improve endothelial function, reduce artery inflammation, and lower blood pressure. Additionally, hesperidin can lower bad cholesterol (LDL) and increase good cholesterol (HDL), helping to prevent heart disease.
- Involved Pathways
Oxidative Stress Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Citrus Fruits such as Oranges, Tangerines, Grapefruits, Lemons
Scientific Article
- Buzdağlı Y, Eyipınar CD, Kacı FN, Tekin A. Effects of hesperidin on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant response in healthy people: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Int J Environ Health Res. 2023 Dec;33(12):1390-1405. doi: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2093841. Epub 2022 Jun 28. PMID: 35762134.
- Bonetti G, Dhuli K, Michelini S, Michelini S, Michelini S, Ricci M, Cestari M, Bertelli M. Dietary supplements in lymphedema. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Oct 17;63(2 Suppl 3):E200-E205. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2761. PMID: 36479479; PMCID: PMC9710411.
Hydroxytyrosol (Olive Tree Extract)
- Function
- Involved Pathways
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Olive Oil, Olive Fruits, Olive Leaves
Scientific Article
- Bonetti G, Dhuli K, Michelini S, Michelini S, Michelini S, Ricci M, Cestari M, Bertelli M. Dietary supplements in lymphedema. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Oct 17;63(2 Suppl 3):E200-E205. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2761. PMID: 36479479; PMCID: PMC9710411.
- Bertelli M, Kiani AK, Paolacci S, Manara E, Kurti D, Dhuli K, Bushati V, Miertus J, Pangallo D, Baglivo M, Beccari T, Michelini S. Hydroxytyrosol: A natural compound with promising pharmacological activities. J Biotechnol. 2020 Feb 10;309:29-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.12.016. Epub 2019 Dec 26. PMID: 31884046.
- Bertelli M, Kiani AK, Paolacci S, Manara E, Dautaj A, Beccari T, Michelini S. Molecular pathways involved in lymphedema: Hydroxytyrosol as a candidate natural compound for treating the effects of lymph accumulation. J Biotechnol. 2020 Jan 20;308:82-86. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.11.017. Epub 2019 Nov 30. PMID: 31794783.
Oleuropein (Olive Tree Extract)
- Function
Oleuropein is another polyphenol found in olive fruit and olive leaves. Specifically, it has been found that oleuropein can protect the brain from oxidative stress and may have a preventive role. It is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, oleuropein also appears to have positive effects on blood sugar regulation and lipid metabolism.
- Involved Pathways
Oxidative Stress Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway, Lipid Metabolism Pathway, Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5, FADS1, FTO, APOA2, APOA5, APOC3, LIPC, TFAP2B, PCSK9, LPL, UCP1, ELOVL2, CPT2, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, SRD5A3, ATXN1, FOXP1, NR3C2, RORA, SMAD6, PTPRD, ADIPOQ, INSR, PPARG, GRCh38.p14, ADIPOQ, LEP, LEPR, KCNJ11, AMY1A, UCP2, UCP3, PPARG, PYGM
- Metabolomic: Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), L-Carnitine (levocarnitine), Acetyl-L-carnitine, Propionyl-L-carnitine, Butyryl-L-carnitine, Isovaleryl-L-carnitine, Hexanoyl-L-carnitine, Octanoyl-L-carnitine, Decanoyl-L-carnitine, Dodecanoyl-L-carnitine, Palmitoyl-L-carnitine, Citric acid (citrate), Isocitric acid (isocitrate), α-Ketoglutaric acid (α-ketoglutarate), Succinic acid (succinate), Fumaric acid (fumarate), Malic acid (malate), Oxaloacetic acid (oxaloacetate), Alanine, Aspartic acid, Serine
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23), Albumin, ApoA, ApoB, α-Amylase (Ptyalin), Salivary Lipase
- Natural Sources
Olive Oil, Olive Fruits, Olive Leaves
Scientific Article
- Pojero F, Aiello A, Gervasi F, Caruso C, Ligotti ME, Calabrò A, Procopio A, Candore G, Accardi G, Allegra M. Effects of Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol on Inflammatory Mediators: Consequences on Inflammaging. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Dec 26;24(1):380. doi: 10.3390/ijms24010380. PMID: 36613822; PMCID: PMC9820525.
- Ahamad J, Toufeeq I, Khan MA, Ameen MSM, Anwer ET, Uthirapathy S, Mir SR, Ahmad J. Oleuropein: A natural antioxidant molecule in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Phytother Res. 2019 Dec;33(12):3112-3128. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6511. Epub 2019 Nov 20. PMID: 31746508.
Polydatin (Polygonum Cuspidatum Extract)
- Function
- Involved Pathways
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5, FADS1, FTO, APOA2, APOA5, APOC3, LIPC, TFAP2B, PCSK9, LPL, UCP1, ELOVL2, CPT2, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, SRD5A3, ATXN1, FOXP1, NR3C2, RORA, SMAD6, PTPRD, ADIPOQ, INSR, PPARG, GRCh38.p14
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), L-Carnitine (levocarnitine), Acetyl-L-carnitine, Propionyl-L-carnitine, Butyryl-L-carnitine, Isovaleryl-L-carnitine, Hexanoyl-L-carnitine, Octanoyl-L-carnitine, Decanoyl-L-carnitine, Dodecanoyl-L-carnitine, Palmitoyl-L-carnitine
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23), Albumin, ApoA, ApoB
- Natural Sources
Polygonum Cuspidatum, Grapes, Peanuts, Cocoa-containing Products
Proanthocyanidins (Pine Bark Extract)
- Function
Proanthocyanidins are polyphenolic compounds with a strong antioxidant action, useful for microcirculation and blood circulation. Widely distributed in nature, proanthocyanidins are useful in preventing cardiovascular diseases and have anti-inflammatory properties.
- Involved Pathways
Oxidative Stress Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway, Cell Function Pathway
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5, GABPB1, NCOA2, NCOA1, FOXC2, EPAS1, RAVER1, MCM6, RFC4, TERT, PTBP2, VCAM1, TAS1R2, SCN9A, GRID1, GPRC5B, KCNJ11, FLG, ACTN3, MSTN
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Glutamine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Asparagine, Leucine/Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine, Glucose
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Transferrin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Pine Bark, Grape Seeds, Red Wine, Citrus Fruits, Blueberries
Resveratrol (Polygonum Cuspidatum Extract)
- Function
- Involved Pathways
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Roots of Polygonum Cuspidatum, Black Grape Skin, Grape Juice, Red Wine, Peanuts, Blueberries, Red Fruits, Cocoa
Silymarin (Milk Thistle Extract)
- Function
Silymarin is a flavonoid extracted from the seeds of milk thistle, also known as silybum marianum. Its antioxidant effect counteracts the damaging action of free radicals in the body, protecting cells from harm. Additionally, silymarin is known for its hepatoprotective effects and can help protect the liver from toxic substances. The anti-inflammatory effects of silymarin help reduce inflammation and promote overall wellbeing.
- Involved Pathways
Oxidative Stress Pathway, Cell Function Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5, GABPB1, NCOA2, NCOA1, FOXC2, EPAS1, RAVER1, MCM6, RFC4, TERT, PTBP2, VCAM1, TAS1R2, SCN9A, GRID1, GPRC5B, KCNJ11, FLG, ACTN3, MSTN
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Glutamine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Asparagine, Histidine, Leucine/Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine, Glucose
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Transferrin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Fruits and leaves of Milk Thistle
Vitamins
Vitamin A
- Function
- Involved Pathways
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: BCO1, SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Albumin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Eggs, Carrots, Spinach, Red Peppers
Scientific Article
- Dewett D, Lam-Kamath K, Poupault C, Khurana H, Rister J. Mechanisms of vitamin A metabolism and deficiency in the mammalian and fly visual system. Dev Biol. 2021 Aug;476:68-78. doi: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.013. Epub 2021 Mar 25. PMID: 33774009; PMCID: PMC8172435.
- Bonetti G, Dhuli K, Michelini S, Michelini S, Michelini S, Ricci M, Cestari M, Bertelli M. Dietary supplements in lymphedema. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Oct 17;63(2 Suppl 3):E200-E205. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2761. PMID: 36479479; PMCID: PMC9710411.
Vitamin B1
- Function
Thiamine is a water-soluble vitamin, also known as vitamin B1. It is present in the human body as free thiamine and in various phosphorylated forms such as thiamine monophosphate (TMP), thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), etc. Vitamin B1 is essential for cellular energy metabolism, proper functioning of the nervous system, and heart health.
- Involved Pathways
Vitamin B Pathway, Oxidative Stress Pathway, Cell Signaling Pathway
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: ALPL, CBS, MTHFR, FUT2, CUBN, MTRR, SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, VEGFA, GHRL, CNTF, VEGFC, AGT, HGF, ADIPOQ, NGF, TH, BDNF, ANGPT2, AGRP, HSD11B1, ACE2, BDKRN2, DRD2, ESR1, ESR2, CNR1, INSR, FLT4, LEPR, NR3C2, MC4R, NRP2, NTRK1
- Metabolomic: Citric acid (citrate), α-Ketoglutaric acid (α-ketoglutarate), Succinic acid (succinate), Fumaric acid (fumarate), Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Estrone, Testosterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), Progesterone, Androstenedione, Aldosterone, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, also known as prostacyclin), Prostaglandin A2 (PGA2), Prostaglandin B2 (PGB2), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Albumin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Legumes, Whole Grains, Nuts, Seeds
Vitamin B12
- Function
- Involved Pathways
Vitamin B Pathway, Oxidative Stress Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: ALPL, CBS, MTHFR, FUT2, CUBN, MTRR, SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, C5orf52, ARMH4, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, SRD5A3, ATXN1, FOXP1, NR3C2, RORA, SMAD6, PTPRD, LTB4R, LTA4H, TNF, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic:Citric acid (citrate), α-Ketoglutaric acid (α-ketoglutarate), Succinic acid (succinate), Fumaric acid (fumarate), Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Glutamine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Albumin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Cereals, Soy-based Products, Red Meat, Chicken, Seafood
Vitamin B6
- Function
Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin that encompasses six common forms: pyridoxal, pyridoxine (also known as pyridoxol), pyridoxamine, and their phosphorylated versions. The phosphorylated ester derivative pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) serves as the bioactive form of the coenzyme, participating in many enzymatic reactions and supporting numerous metabolic processes. Vitamin B6 is essential for maintaining nervous system health, producing energy, and forming hemoglobin.
- Involved Pathways
Vitamin B Pathway, Oxidative Stress Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: ALPL, CBS, MTHFR, FUT2, CUBN, MTRR, SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Citric acid (citrate), α-Ketoglutaric acid (α-ketoglutarate), Succinic acid (succinate), Fumaric acid (fumarate), Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Glutamine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Albumin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Fish, Chicken, Potatoes, Bananas, Spinach, Sunflower Seeds
Vitamin B9
- Function
- Involved Pathways
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: ALPL, CBS, MTHFR, FUT2, CUBN, MTRR, AMPD1, EPAS1, GABPB1, FOXC2, NCOA1, NCOA2, RAVER1, MCM6, TERT, RFC4, PTBP2, SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4
- Metabolomic: Citric acid (citrate), α-Ketoglutaric acid (α-ketoglutarate), Succinic acid (succinate), Fumaric acid (fumarate), Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E
- Proteomic: Albumin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin)
- Natural Sources
Spinach, Asparagus, Lentils, Citrus Fruits
Vitamin C
- Function
Vitamin C, commonly called ascorbic acid, is a potent antioxidant essential for bolstering the immune system and shielding cells from damage caused by free radicals. On a molecular level, vitamin C participates in various enzymatic reactions, including the synthesis of collagen, a vital protein for the health of skin, bones, and blood vessels. Furthermore, it enhances the absorption of non-heme iron, which is crucial for the formation of red blood cells.
- Involved Pathways
Oxidative Stress Pathway, Vitamin C Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SLC23A1, SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, C5orf52, ARMH4, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, SRD5A3, ATXN1, FOXP1, NR3C2, RORA, SMAD6, PTPRD, LTB4R, LTA4H, TNF, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Citric acid (citrate), Isocitric acid (isocitrate), α-Ketoglutaric acid (α-ketoglutarate), Succinic acid (succinate), Fumaric acid (fumarate), Malic acid (malate), Oxaloacetic acid (oxaloacetate), Arginine, Glutamine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Albumin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Citrus Fruits, Kiwi, Bell Peppers, Broccoli, Strawberries
Scientific Article
- Carr AC, Maggini S. Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients. 2017 Nov 3;9(11):1211. doi: 10.3390/nu9111211. PMID: 29099763; PMCID: PMC5707683.
- Kiani AK, Dhuli K, Donato K, Aquilanti B, Velluti V, Matera G, Iaconelli A, Connelly ST, Bellinato F, Gisondi P, Bertelli M. Main nutritional deficiencies. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Oct 17;63(2 Suppl 3):E93-E101. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2752. PMID: 36479498; PMCID: PMC9710417.
Vitamin D
- Function
- Involved Pathways
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: GC, CYP2R1, VDR, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, C5orf52, ARMH4, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, SRD5A3, ATXN1, FOXP1, NR3C2, RORA, SMAD6, PTPRD, LTB4R, LTA4H, TNF, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5, COL1A1
- Metabolomic: Vitamin D (Calciferol), Arginine, Glutamine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Albumin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Some mushrooms, Cereals, Plant-based Milk
Vitamin E
- Function
Vitamin E refers to a group of eight fat-soluble compounds with antioxidant properties, including four tocopherol isoforms and four tocotrienol isoforms. Among these, only α-tocopherol fulfills human vitamin E requirements and holds the most nutritional significance. As a powerful antioxidant, it inhibits the spread of free radicals in cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins. Additionally, α-tocopherol likely plays a role in boosting certain aspects of cell-mediated immunity.
- Involved Pathways
Vitamin E Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway, Oxidative Stress Pathway
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SCARB1, CD36, CYP4F2, SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Albumin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Vegetable oils, Nuts, Seeds, Spinach
Minerals
Iron
- Function
- Involved Pathways
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SLC17A1, HFE, TMPRSS6, BTBD9, TFR2, TF, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, C5orf52, ARMH4, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, SRD5A3, ATXN1, FOXP1, NR3C2, RORA, SMAD6, PTPRD, LTB4R, LTA4H, TNF, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5, GABPB11, NCOA2, EPAS1, FOXC2, NCOA1, RAVER1, MCM6, TERT, PTBP2, RFC4
- Metabolomic: Arginine, Glutamine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Leucine/Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine, Glucose
- Proteomic: Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23), Albumin, ApoA, ApoB, Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
- Natural Sources
Red Meat, Spinach, Lentils, Nuts, Seeds
Selenium
- Function
Selenium is a crucial mineral that acts as an antioxidant and supports the immune system. On a molecular level, selenium is an essential part of several selenoproteins, which serve as antioxidants and participate in various biological processes, including immune system regulation and the production of thyroid hormones.
- Involved Pathways
- OMICS Biomarkers
- Genomic: SELENOP, SELENOF, SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, GABPB1, NCOA2, NCOA1, FOXC2, EPAS1, RAVER1, MCM6, RFC4, TERT, PTBP2, VCAM1, TAS1R2, SCN9A, GRID1, GPRC5B, KCNJ11, FLG, ACTN3, MSTN, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Asparagine, Leucine/Isoleucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine, Glucose
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Transferrin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Complement C3, Complement C5, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23), Albumin, ApoA, ApoB, Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
- Natural Sources
Brazil Nuts, Whole Grains, Brown Rice, Red Meat, Seafood
Other Substances
Acetyl-Carnitine
- Function
Acetyl-carnitine is formed by the esterification of an L-carnitine molecule with an acetyl group. This molecule is highly regarded for its antioxidant benefits and its excellent tolerability. Acetyl-carnitine aids in the transport of fatty acids into cells, thereby supporting energy production.
- Pathways Involved
Lipid Metabolism Pathway, Cell Function Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway
- Omics Biomarkers
- Genomic: FADS1, FTO, APOA2, APOA5, APOC3, LIPC, TFAP2B, PCSK9, LPL, UCP1, ELOVL2, CPT2, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, SRD5A3, ATXN1, FOXP1, NR3C2, RORA, SMAD6, PTPRD, ADIPOQ, INSR, PPARG, GRCh38.p14, GABPB1, NCOA2, NCOA1, FOXC2, EPAS1, RAVER1, MCM6, RFC4, TERT, PTBP2, VCAM1, TAS1R2, SCN9A, GRID1, GPRC5B, KCNJ11, FLG, ACTN3, MSTN, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), L-Carnitine Acetyl-L-carnitine, Propionyl-L-carnitine, Butyryl-L-carnitine, Isovaleryl-L-carnitine, Hexanoyl-L-carnitine, Octanoyl-L-carnitine, Decanoyl-L-carnitine, Dodecanoyl-L-carnitine, Palmitoyl-L-carnitine, Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Leucine/Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Glucose, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Albumin, ApoA, ApoB, Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Avocado, soy
Scientific Article Box
- Traina G. The neurobiology of acetyl-L-carnitine. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2016 Jun 1;21(7):1314-29. doi: 10.2741/4459. PMID: 27100509.
Digestive Enzymes
- Function
Digestive enzymes such as amylase, protease, glucoamylase, lipase, cellulase, lactase, pectinase, and bromelain are essential for improving the digestion process. Amylase is an enzyme that plays a key role in digesting starches into simple sugars, such as glucose, which can be absorbed and utilized by the body for energy. Lipase is an enzyme involved in the digestion of fats by helping to break down triglycerides in food into fatty acids and glycerol. Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme extracted from pineapple (Ananas comosus) and may help combat pain and swelling associated with inflammation. Lactase is an enzyme responsible for digesting lactose, the sugar found in milk and dairy products. The main function of proteases is to break down proteins into amino acids. Glucoamylase is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of carbohydrates. Cellulase is an enzyme responsible for digesting cellulose, which is degraded into cellobiose, a disaccharide formed by two glucose molecules. Pectinase, along with cellulase and hemicellulase, is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of plant-based foods, increasing their nutritional and prebiotic value.
- Pathways Involved
Lipid Metabolism Pathway, Carbohydrate Metabolism Pathway, Amino Acids Metabolism Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway
- Omics Biomarkers
- Genomic: FADS1, FTO, APOA2, APOA5, APOC3, LIPC, TFAP2B, PCSK9, LPL, UCP1, ELOVL2, CPT2, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, SRD5A3, ATXN1, FOXP1, NR3C2, RORA, SMAD6, PTPRD, ADIPOQ, INSR, PPARG, GRCh38.p14, ADIPOQ, LEP, LEPR, KCNJ11, AMY1A, UCP2, UCP3, PPARG, PYGM, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), L-Carnitine (levocarnitine), Acetyl-L-carnitine, Propionyl-L-carnitine, Butyryl-L-carnitine, Isovaleryl-L-carnitine, Hexanoyl-L-carnitine, Octanoyl-L-carnitine, Decanoyl-L-carnitine, Dodecanoyl-L-carnitine, Palmitoyl-L-carnitine, Citric acid (citrate), Isocitric acid (isocitrate), α-Ketoglutaric acid (α-ketoglutarate), Succinic acid (succinate), Fumaric acid (fumarate), Malic acid (malate), Oxaloacetic acid (oxaloacetate), Alanine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Serine, Arginine, Asparagine, Cysteine, Histidine, Leucine/Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Albumin, ApoA, ApoB, α-Amylase (Ptyalin), Salivary Lipase, Cystatin C, Cystatin D, Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Lactoferrin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Melatonin
- Function
Melatonin is a hormone naturally synthesized by the human body to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Melatonin derived from plants can help manage sleep-wake rhythms, and may also provide antioxidant benefits, potential anti-inflammatory effects, and support for the immune system.
- Pathways Involved
Immunity and Inflammation Pathway, Cell Function Pathway, Cell Signaling Pathway, Oxidative Stress Pathway
- Omics Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7, TMPRSS2, CYP2D6, IRF5, IL1B, TERT, PON1, LTA, TNFRSF1B, IL17A, IL6, C5orf52, ARMH4, LTB4R, LTA4H, TLR2, TLR4, HGF, EPHB4, IL1R1, IL4, IL6, IL10, NFKB2, SYK, ALOX5, GABPB1, NCOA2, NCOA1, FOXC2, EPAS1, RAVER1, MCM6, RFC4, TERT, PTBP2, VCAM1, TAS1R2, SCN9A, GRID1, GPRC5B, KCNJ11, FLG, ACTN3, MSTN, VEGFA, GHRL, CNTF, VEGFC, AGT, HGF, ADIPOQ, NGF, TH, BDNF, ANGPT2, AGRP, HSD11B1, ACE2, BDKRN2, DRD2, ESR1, ESR2, CNR1, INSR, FLT4, LEPR, NR3C2, MC4R, NRP2, NTRK1
- Metabolomic: Arginine, Glutamine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Cysteine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Leucine/Isoleucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine, Glucose, Estrone, Testosterone, Progesterone, Androstenedione, Aldosterone, Prostaglandin A2 (PGA2), Prostaglandin B2 (PGB2), Vitamin E
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Transferrin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23), Albumin, ApoA, ApoB, Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
- Natural Sources
Whole grains, corn, oats, legumes such as lentils and beans, tomatoes, and radishes etc.
Scientific Article Box
- Atayik MC, Çakatay U. Melatonin-related signaling pathways and their regulatory effects in aging organisms. Biogerontology. 2022 Oct;23(5):529-539. doi: 10.1007/s10522-022-09981-y. Epub 2022 Jul 27. PMID: 35895186.
N-acetylcysteine
- Function
N-acetylcysteine may play a role in protecting cells from oxidative damage, supporting lung function, and promoting liver health. N-acetylcysteine is involved in the production of glutathione, a potent antioxidant.
- Pathways Involved
Oxidative Stress Pathway, Immunity and Inflammation Pathway, Cell Function Pathway
- Omics Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1, TLR7 ,TMPRSS2 ,CYP2D6 ,IRF5 ,IL1B ,TERT ,PON1 ,LTA ,TNFRSF1B ,IL17A, C5orf52, ARMH4 ,LTB4R, LTA4H ,TLR2 ,TLR4 ,HGF ,EPHB4 ,IL1R1 ,IL4 , IL6 ,IL10, NFKB2 ,SYK ,ALOX5, GABPB1, NCOA2, NCOA1, FOXC2, EPAS1, RAVER1, MCM6, RFC4, TERT, PTBP2, VCAM1, TAS1R2, GRID1, GPRC5B, KCNJ11, FLG, ACTN3, MSTN
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4), Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate, Alanine, Asparagine, Leucine/Isoleucine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Valine, Glucose
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Transferrin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23), Albumin, ApoA, ApoB, Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
- Natural Sources
N-acetyl-cysteine is a stable form of the amino acid L-cysteine. Cysteine is commonly found in high-protein foods such as chicken, eggs, and legumes.
Scientific Article Box
- Raghu G, Berk M, Campochiaro PA, Jaeschke H, Marenzi G, Richeldi L, Wen FQ, Nicoletti F, Calverley PMA. The Multifaceted Therapeutic Role of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) in Disorders Characterized by Oxidative Stress. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2021;19(8):1202-1224. doi: 10.2174/1570159X19666201230144109. PMID: 33380301; PMCID: PMC8719286.
Spermidine
- Function
Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine compound found in wheat germ and rice germ. The biochemical processes in which spermidine is involved include inflammation, immunity, and oxidative stress.
- Pathways Involved
Oxidative Stress Pathway and Immunity and Inflammation Pathway
- Omics Biomarkers
- Genomic: SOD2, AS3MT, CYP1A2, ADORA2A, BPIFB4, SCN9A, CLTRN, RAVER1 ,TLR7 ,TMPRSS2 ,CYP2D6 ,IRF5 ,IL1B ,TERT ,PON1 ,LTA ,TNFRSF1B ,IL17A,C5orf52 ,ARMH4 ,LTB4R ,LTA4H ,TLR2 ,TLR4 ,HGF ,EPHB4 ,IL1R1 ,IL4 ,IL6 ,IL10, NFKB2 ,SYK ,ALOX5
- Metabolomic: Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Methionine, Vitamin E, Arginine, Histidine, Tryptophan, Cortisol, Cortisone, Estradiol, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S),Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2, prostacyclin), Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), Leukotriene B4 (LTB4), Leukotriene C4 (LTC4), Leukotriene D4 (LTD4), Leukotriene E4 (LTE4)
- Proteomic: Lactoperoxidase, Lactoferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin), Lysozyme, Secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA), Transferrin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin E (IgE), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP-8, MMP-9), Complement C3, Complement C5, Complement C3a, Complement C5a, Properdin, Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Interleukin-17 (IL-17), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-23 (IL-23)
- Natural Sources
Scientific Article Box
- Ni YQ, Liu YS. New Insights into the Roles and Mechanisms of Spermidine in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Aging Dis. 2021 Dec 1;12(8):1948-1963. doi: 10.14336/AD.2021.0603. PMID: 34881079; PMCID: PMC8612618.
- Bonetti G, Dhuli K, Michelini S, Michelini S, Michelini S, Ricci M, Cestari M, Bertelli M. Dietary supplements in lymphedema. J Prev Med Hyg. 2022 Oct 17;63(2 Suppl 3):E200-E205. doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2761. PMID: 36479479; PMCID: PMC9710411.